SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

Subtopic: Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments

These notes introduce common laboratory apparatus and instruments you will use in Integrated Science (age 12, Kenyan syllabus). Learn names, pictures, uses, how to measure correctly, and safety & care tips.

1. What is an apparatus or instrument?

An apparatus or instrument is a tool used to do experiments or make measurements in the laboratory. We use them to measure, heat, mix, separate, observe or record results.

2. Common apparatus and their uses

3. How to read liquid volumes (meniscus)

The surface of a liquid in a tube is curved. This curve is the meniscus. Always read the measurement at the lowest point of the meniscus at eye level.

4. Simple rules for correct measurements

• Keep the measuring cylinder or thermometer on a flat surface and read at eye level.
• Use a balance on a flat bench; zero (tare) before weighing a container.
• Use suitable apparatus for the job (use measuring cylinder, not beaker for accurate volume).
• Record units (g for mass, cm³ or mL for volume, °C for temperature).

5. Laboratory safety and care of apparatus

Follow these rules to stay safe and keep equipment working:

1. Always wear your lab coat, closed shoes and safety goggles when asked by the teacher.
2. Listen to your teacher and never do experiments without permission.
3. Carry glassware with two hands and do not run in the laboratory.
4. Clean equipment after use with water and dry. Return apparatus to the correct place.
5. If glassware breaks, tell the teacher immediately — do not pick up with bare hands.
6. Label your samples and containers. Do not taste any chemical.

6. How to clean common items (simple steps)

• Beakers, flasks, measuring cylinders: rinse with tap water, then with distilled water if available. Leave to dry upside down.
• Test tubes: use a test-tube brush, rinse and place in rack to dry.
• Thermometers: wipe with soft cloth; do not scratch or heat directly.
• Balances: keep clean and dry; never put wet containers directly on a balance pan.

7. Quick checklist before an experiment

• Read instructions and ask the teacher about anything unclear.
• Wear protective gear and tie back long hair.
• Check apparatus are clean and not broken.
• Have a waste container and water nearby for spills.

8. Small practice activity (in class with teacher)

Try measuring 50 mL of water using a measuring cylinder. Read at eye level and write the volume with units. Then weigh 20 g of salt using a balance. These help you practice reading and handling apparatus.

Prepared for Integrated Science (Kenyan syllabus) — suitable for learners aged 12.