Grade 10 french Grammar – Grammar Notes

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French — Grammar (Subtopic: Grammar)

Target age: 15 (Kenya) — Focus: prepositions & noun classes (gender, number).

Specific Learning Outcomes (By the end of this sub-strand the learner should be able to):
  1. Identify prepositions and noun classes from short grammatical exercises.
  2. Apply prepositions and nouns correctly within simple grammatical contexts.
  3. Show interest in exploring aspects of French grammatical structure.
  4. Categorise nouns related to everyday contexts such as weather and household items.

Quick grammar notes

1. Prepositions (prépositions)

Common: à, de, dans, sur, sous, devant, derrière, entre, avec, pour, chez, sans.

Note contractions: à + le = au, à + les = aux; de + le = du, de + les = des.

Ex. Je vais à l'école. Le livre est sur la table.

2. Noun classes (genres) & articles

French nouns are masculine (m) or feminine (f).

Definite: le (m), la (f), l' (vowel); Plural definite: les.

Indefinite: un (m), une (f), des (pl).

Tip: many nouns ending in -e are feminine, but there are exceptions. Learn common endings and memorise high-frequency words.

Everyday nouns — Weather and Household (with gender)

Weather (le temps / la météo) ☀️🌧️🌬️
  • le soleil (m) — the sun
  • la pluie (f) — the rain
  • le vent (m) — the wind
  • la chaleur (f) — the heat
  • le froid (m) — the cold
  • la saison des pluies (f) — rainy season
Household items (la maison) 🪑🛏️🍽️
  • la maison (f) — the house
  • la cuisine (f) — the kitchen
  • la chaise (f) — the chair
  • le lit (m) — the bed
  • la table (f) — the table
  • le toit (m) — the roof
  • la cour (f) — the yard/courtyard

Examples — preposition + noun (useful patterns)

  • Il fait chaud en été. → Il fait chaud.
  • La pluie tombe sur le toit. → La pluie tombe sur le toit.
  • Je suis dans la cuisine. → Je suis dans la cuisine.
  • Le livre est sur la table. → Le livre est sur la table.
  • Nous allons à l'école. → Nous allons à l'école.
  • Je parle avec ma mère. → Je parle avec ma mère.

Exercises (15 min) — practice & apply

Exercise 1 — Identify (tick the preposition and mark gender)

Read each sentence. Underline the preposition and write (m) or (f) next to the noun.

  1. La pluie tombe sur la toit. → toit (___)
  2. Il y a du vent. → vent (___)
  3. Je suis dans la cuisine. → cuisine (___)
  4. Le livre est sur la table. → table (___)
  5. Nous allons à la maison. → maison (___)
Exercise 2 — Fill in the correct preposition (à, dans, sur, sous, avec, pour, chez, de/du/des)
  1. Je vais ___ la cuisine pour manger. (to / in)
  2. Le chat est ___ la chaise. (on)
  3. La voiture est ___ le garage. (in / inside)
  4. Il parle ___ son ami. (with)
  5. La fenêtre est ___ la porte. (in front of / near)
Exercise 3 — Categorise: weather or household?

Write W for weather, H for household.

le soleil, la chaise, la pluie, le lit, la cour, la chaleur, la cuisine, le vent

Answer key

Exercise 1:
  1. toit — (m)
  2. vent — (m)
  3. cuisine — (f)
  4. table — (f)
  5. maison — (f)
Exercise 2 (one correct option each):
  1. Je vais dans la cuisine / Je vais à la cuisine (both possible: "dans" emphasises inside).
  2. Le chat est sur la chaise.
  3. La voiture est dans le garage.
  4. Il parle avec son ami.
  5. La fenêtre est devant la porte. (or "près de" depending on meaning)
Exercise 3:

le soleil (W), la chaise (H), la pluie (W), le lit (H), la cour (H), la chaleur (W), la cuisine (H), le vent (W).

Suggested learning experiences — fit for Kenyan context

  • Classroom labelling: label classroom and home objects in French (le tableau, la porte, la fenêtre, la chaise, la table). Students rotate and practise saying "Le livre est sur la table."
  • Weather report role-play: in pairs, one student is a radio presenter describing local weather: "Aujourd'hui, il fait chaud et il y a du vent."
  • Outdoor observation: short walk to observe weather and household features in the neighbourhood; learners note nouns and prepositions to describe placement ("La cour est devant la maison", "La pluie tombe sur la toiture").
  • Group sorting game: give cards (nouns) to groups; they sort into two boxes: Weather vs Household; then form sentences using a preposition (e.g., "La pluie tombe sur le toit").
  • Short writing: students write 4–6 sentences describing their home and today's weather (use at least two prepositions and four nouns, indicate gender).

Assessment ideas (summative & formative)

  1. Short quiz: 8 items — identify preposition, give gender of noun, correct article (le/la/les/du/au).
  2. Oral task: 1-minute weather and home description; mark correct use of prepositions and articles.
  3. Portfolio: collect labelled photos or drawings of household items and short captions in French with prepositions.
Encouragement: Practice by describing your home and today's weather in French every day. Small steps — learn the article with the noun (e.g., "la pluie", "le lit") and common prepositions — will build confidence fast!

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