GRADE 9 Kiswahili SARUFI – MNYAMBULIKO WA VITENZI Notes
MNYAMBULIKO WA VITENZI
Mada: SARUFI — Somo: Kiswahili
Hadhi ya darasa: wanafunzi wa umri ~14 (Kenya). Hapa tunafundisha jinsi vitenzi vinavyobadilika (mnyambuliko) kuonyesha nafsi, wakati, hali (mood) na viambishi.
1. Kitu cha msingi — miundo ya kitenzi
Kitenzi cha Kiswahili ulimwa: nafsi + alama ya wakati + mzizi (root) + viambishi (extensions) + vowel ya mwisho.
Mfano wa mzizi: kula (to eat), soma (to read), enda (to go).
- Mimi: ni-
- Wewe: u-
- Yeye: a-
- Sisi: tu-
- Ninyi: m-
- Wao: wa-
2. Alama za wakati (tense/aspect markers)
Hizi huingizwa kati ya nafsi na mzizi:
- -na- : sasa / tabia (present) — Ninakula (I eat / I am eating).
- -li- : wakati uliopita (past) — Nilikula (I ate).
- -ta- : wakati ujao (future) — Nitakula (I will eat).
- -me- : perfect (has/have) — Nimekula (I have eaten).
- -ja- : perfect negative (haja...) used with negative subject — Sijakula (I have not eaten).
- -ku- : past negative (si/hu/ha + ku) — Sikula (I did not eat).
Mzizi: kula
- Present: Ninakula (I eat / I am eating)
- Past: Nilikula (I ate)
- Future: Nitakula (I will eat)
- Perfect: Nimekula (I have eaten)
- Past negative: Sikula (I did not eat)
- Perfect negative: Sijakula (I have not eaten)
3. Nafsi na mnyambuliko (mfano kamili kwa soma)
Ninasoma, Unasoma, Anasoma, Tunasoma, Mnasoma, Wanasoma
Nilisoma, Uliksoma, Alisoma, Tulisoma, Mlisoma, Walisoma
(Tumia mfano wa darasani: "Ninasoma kitabu" — sasa; "Nilisoma kitabu jana" — jana.)
4. Hali za kitenzi (moods)
- Amri (Imperative): Tumia mzizi bila nafsi kwa amri za moja kwa moja. Mfano: Soma! (Read!)
- Amri hasi: Tumia usi- (singu.) au msi- (pl.) + mzizi + -e (subjunctive). Mfano: Usome!, Msome!
- Subjunctive / kutamani: mzizi + -e. Mfano: Nataka nisome (I want to study).
5. Viambishi vinavyoongeza maana (extensions)
Vitenzi vinaweza kuongezwa maneno (extensions) kubadilisha maana:
- Causative (-isha / -esha) — kufanya mtu mwingine afanye. Mfano: soma → somesha (teach), kula → kulisha (to feed).
- Applicative (-ia / -ea) — kuonyesha "kwa / kwa ajili ya". Mfano: andika → andikia (write to), piga → pigia (call for/to someone).
- Reciprocal (-ana) — mara nyingi "kila mmoja kwa mwingine". Mfano: piga → pigana (hit each other), penda → pendana (love each other).
- Passive (-wa / -iwa / -ewa) — kuonyesha kitendo kinapokelewa. Mfano: pika → pikwa (be cooked), andika → andikwa (be written / be registered).
6. Negesheni (mfano muhimu)
Hapa ni mifano ya kinyume kwa tenses kadhaa (kwa mzizi kula):
- Present positive: Ninakula — I eat
- Past positive: Nilikula — I ate
- Past negative: Sikula — I did not eat (hakutokea)
- Perfect positive: Nimekula — I have eaten
- Perfect negative: Sijakula — I have not eaten
- Imperative negative: Usile (sing.), Msile (pl.) — Don't eat
Kumbuka: muundo wa kinyume unaweza kubadilika kidogo kulingana na muktadha; hizi ni aina muhimu za kutambua darasani.
7. Mazoezi ya haraka (jaribu)
- Geuza vifungu vifupi kwa wakati uliofaa (tumia kula, soma, enda):
- a) Mimi ... (kula) chakula sasa. → answer: Ninakula
- b) Yeye ... (soma) kitabu jana. → Alisoma
- c) Sisi ... (enda) shuleni kesho. → Tutakenda
- Andika kinyume: Nitakula → (negative past/perfect) — jaribu: Sijakula / Sikula